官方藏书 / Environmental_Issues / The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 6 (of 6)

The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 6 (of 6)

the Elder Pliny · Environmental_Issues · 407 章

目录

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PLINY.CONTENTS OF THE SIXTH VOLUME.Chapter 3 CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE POWER OF NATURE AS MANIFESTED IN ANTIPATHIES. THE ECHENEÏS: TWO REMEDIES.CHAP. 2.—THE TORPEDO: NINE REMEDIES.CHAP. 3.—THE SEA HARE: FIVE REMEDIES.CHAP. 4.—MARVELS OF THE RED SEA.CHAP. 5. (2.)—THE INSTINCTS OF FISHES.CHAP. 6.—MARVELLOUS PROPERTIES BELONGING TO CERTAIN FISHES.CHAP. 7.—PLACES WHERE FISH EAT FROM THE HAND.CHAP. 8.—PLACES WHERE FISH RECOGNIZE THE HUMAN VOICE. ORACULAR RESPONSES GIVEN BY FISH.CHAP. 9.—PLACES WHERE BITTER FISH ARE FOUND, SALT, OR SWEET.CHAP. 10.—WHEN SEA-FISH WERE FIRST EATEN BY THE PEOPLE OF ROME. THE ORDINANCE OF KING NUMA AS TO FISH.CHAP. 11.—CORAL: FORTY-THREE REMEDIES AND OBSERVATIONS.CHAP. 12.—THE ANTIPATHIES AND SYMPATHIES WHICH EXIST BETWEEN CERTAIN OBJECTS. THE HATREDS MANIFESTED BY CERTAIN AQUATIC ANIMALS. THE PASTINACA: EIGHT REMEDIES. THE GALEOS: FIFTEEN REMEDIES. THE SUR-MULLET: FIFTEEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 13. (3).—AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS. CASTOREUM: SIXTY-SIX REMEDIES AND OBSERVATIONS.CHAP. 14. (4.)—THE TORTOISE: SIXTY-SIX REMEDIES AND OBSERVATIONS.CHAP. 15.—REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE AQUATIC ANIMALS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE RESPECTIVE DISEASES.CHAP. 16. (5.)—REMEDIES FOR POISONS, AND FOR NOXIOUS SPELLS. THE DORADE: FOUR REMEDIES. THE SEA-STAR: SEVEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 17.—REMEDIES FOR THE STINGS OF SERPENTS, FOR THE BITES OF DOGS, AND FOR INJURIES INFLICTED BY VENOMOUS ANIMALS. THE SEA-DRAGON: THREE REMEDIES. TWENTY-FIVE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM SALTED FISH. THE SARDA: ONE REMEDY. ELEVEN REMEDIES DERIVED FROM CYBIUM.CHAP. 18.—THE SEA-FROG: SIX REMEDIES. THE RIVER-FROG: FIFTY-TWO REMEDIES. THE BRAMBLE-FROG: ONE REMEDY. THIRTY-TWO OBSERVATIONS ON THESE ANIMALS.CHAP. 19.—THE ENHYDRIS: SIX REMEDIES. THE RIVER-CRAB: FOURTEEN REMEDIES. THE SEA-CRAB: SEVEN REMEDIES. THE RIVER-SNAIL: SEVEN REMEDIES. THE CORACINUS: FOUR REMEDIES. THE SEA-PIG: TWO REMEDIES.CHAP. 20.—THE SEA-CALF: TEN REMEDIES. THE MURÆNA: ONE REMEDY. THE HIPPOCAMPUS: NINE REMEDIES. THE SEA-URCHIN: ELEVEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 21. (6.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF OYSTERS: FIFTY-EIGHT REMEDIES AND OBSERVATIONS. PURPLES: NINE REMEDIES.CHAP. 22.—SEA-WEED: TWO REMEDIES.CHAP. 23. (7.)—REMEDIES FOR ALOPECY, CHANGE OF COLOUR IN THE HAIR, AND ULCERATIONS OF THE HEAD. THE SEA-MOUSE: TWO REMEDIES, THE SEA-SCORPION: TWELVE REMEDIES. THE LEECH: SEVEN REMEDIES. THE MUREX: THIRTEEN REMEDIES. THE CONCHYLIUM: FIVE REMEDIES.CHAP. 24.—REMEDIES FOR DISEASES OF THE EYES AND EYELIDS. TWO REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE FAT OF FISHES. THE CALLIONYMUS: THREE REMEDIES. THE GALL OF THE CORACINUS: ONE REMEDY. THE SÆPIA: TWENTY-FOUR REMEDIES. ICHTHYOCOLLA: FIVE REMEDIES.CHAP. 25.—REMEDIES FOR DISEASES OF THE EARS. THE BATIA: ONE REMEDY. THE BACCHUS OR MYXON: TWO REMEDIES. THE SEA-LOUSE: TWO REMEDIES.CHAP. 26.—REMEDIES FOR TOOTH-ACHE. THE DOG-FISH: FOUR REMEDIES. WHALE’S FLESH.CHAP. 27.—REMEDIES FOR LICHENS, AND FOR SPOTS UPON THE FACE. THE DOLPHIN: NINE REMEDIES. COLUTHIA OR CORYPHIA: THREE REMEDIES. HALCYONEUM: SEVEN REMEDIES. THE TUNNY: FIVE REMEDIES.CHAP. 28.—REMEDIES FOR SCROFULA, IMPOSTHUMES OF THE PAROTID GLANDS, QUINSY, AND DISEASES OF THE FAUCES. THE MÆNA: THIRTEEN REMEDIES. THE SEA-SCOLOPENDRA: TWO REMEDIES. THE SAURUS: ONE REMEDY. SHELL-FISH: ONE REMEDY. THE SILURUS: FIFTEEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 29.—REMEDIES FOR COUGH AND DISEASES OF THE CHEST.CHAP. 30. (9.)—REMEDIES FOR PAINS IN THE LIVER AND SIDE. THE ELONGATED CONCH: SIX REMEDIES. THE TETHEA: FIVE REMEDIES.CHAP. 31.—REMEDIES FOR DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. SEA-WORT: ONE REMEDY. THE MYAX: TWENTY-FIVE REMEDIES. THE MITULUS: EIGHT REMEDIES. PELORIDES: ONE REMEDY. SERIPHUM: TWO REMEDIES. THE ERYTHINUS: TWO REMEDIES.CHAP. 32.—-REMEDIES FOR DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN, FOR URINARY CALCULI, AND FOR AFFECTIONS OF THE BLADDER. THE SOLE: ONE REMEDY. THE TURBOT: ONE REMEDY. THE BLENDIUS: ONE REMEDY. THE SEA-NETTLE: SEVEN REMEDIES. THE PULMO MARINUS: SIX REMEDIES. ONYCHES: FOUR REMEDIES.CHAP. 33.—REMEDIES FOR INTESTINAL HERNIA, AND FOR DISEASES OF THE RECTUM. THE WATER-SNAKE: ONE REMEDY. THE HYDRUS: ONE REMEDY. THE MULLET: ONE REMEDY. THE PELAMIS: THREE REMEDIES.CHAP. 34.—-REMEDIES FOR INFLAMED TUMOURS, AND FOR DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. THE SCIÆNA: ONE REMEDY. THE PERCH: FOUR REMEDIES. THE SQUATINA: THREE REMEDIES. THE SMARIS: THREE REMEDIES.CHAP. 35.—REMEDIES FOR INCONTINENCE OF URINE. THE OPHIDION: ONE REMEDY.CHAP. 36.—REMEDIES FOR GOUT, AND FOR PAINS IN THE FEET. THE BEAVER: FOUR REMEDIES. BRYON: ONE REMEDY.CHAP. 37.—REMEDIES FOR EPILEPSY.CHAP. 38. (10.)—REMEDIES FOR FEVERS. THE FISH CALLED ASELLUS: ONE REMEDY. THE PHAGRUS: ONE REMEDY. THE BALÆNA: ONE REMEDY.CHAP. 39.—REMEDIES FOR LETHARGY, CACHEXY, AND DROPSY.CHAP. 40.—REMEDIES FOR BURNS AND FOR ERYSIPELAS.CHAP. 41.—REMEDIES FOR DISEASES OF THE SINEWS.CHAP. 42.—METHODS OF ARRESTING HÆMORRHAGE AND OF LETTING BLOOD. THE POLYP: ONE REMEDY.CHAP. 43.—METHODS OF EXTRACTING FOREIGN BODIES FROM THE FLESH.CHAP. 44.—REMEDIES FOR ULCERS, CARCINOMATA, AND CARBUNCLES.CHAP. 45.—REMEDIES FOR WARTS, AND FOR MALFORMED NAILS. THE GLANIS: ONE REMEDY.CHAP. 46.—REMEDIES FOR FEMALE DISEASES. THE GLAUCISCUS: ONE REMEDY.CHAP. 47.—METHODS OF REMOVING SUPERFLUOUS HAIR. DEPILATORIES.CHAP. 48.—REMEDIES FOR THE DISEASES OF INFANTS.CHAP. 49.—METHODS OF PREVENTING INTOXICATION. THE FISH CALLED RUBELLIO: ONE REMEDY. THE EEL: ONE REMEDY. THE GRAPE-FISH: ONE REMEDY.CHAP. 50.—ANTAPHRODISIACS AND APHRODISIACS. THE HIPPOPOTAMUS: ONE REMEDY. THE CROCODILE: ONE REMEDY.CHAP. 51.—REMEDIES FOR THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS.CHAP. 52.—OTHER AQUATIC PRODUCTIONS. ADARCA OR CALAMOCHNOS: THREE REMEDIES. REEDS: EIGHT REMEDIES. THE INK OF THE SÆPIA.CHAP. 53. (11.)—THE NAMES OF ALL THE ANIMALS THAT EXIST IN THE SEA, ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SIX IN NUMBER.CHAP. 54.—ADDITIONAL NAMES OF FISHES FOUND IN THE POEM OF OVID.CHAP. 1. (1.)—METALS.CHAP. 2.—GOLD.CHAP. 3.—WHAT WAS THE FIRST RECOMMENDATION OF GOLD.CHAP. 4.—THE ORIGIN OF GOLD RINGS.CHAP. 5.—THE QUANTITY OF GOLD POSSESSED BY THE ANCIENTS.CHAP. 6.—THE RIGHT OF WEARING GOLD RINGS.CHAP. 7.—THE DECURIES OF THE JUDGES.CHAP. 8.—PARTICULARS CONNECTED WITH THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER.CHAP. 9.—HOW OFTEN THE NAME OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER HAS BEEN CHANGED.CHAP. 10.—GIFTS FOR MILITARY SERVICES, IN GOLD AND SILVER.CHAP. 11.—AT WHAT PERIOD THE FIRST CROWN OF GOLD WAS PRESENTED.CHAP. 12. (3.)—OTHER USES MADE OF GOLD, BY FEMALES.CHAP. 13.—COINS OF GOLD. AT WHAT PERIODS COPPER, GOLD, AND SILVER WERE FIRST IMPRESSED. HOW COPPER WAS USED BEFORE GOLD AND SILVER WERE COINED. WHAT WAS THE LARGEST SUM OF MONEY POSSESSED BY ANY ONE AT THE TIME OF OUR FIRST CENSUS. HOW OFTEN, AND AT WHAT PERIODS, THE VALUE OF COPPER AND OF COINED MONEY HAS BEEN CHANGED.CHAP. 14.—CONSIDERATIONS ON MAN’S CUPIDITY FOR GOLD.CHAP. 15.—THE PERSONS WHO HAVE POSSESSED THE GREATEST QUANTITY OF GOLD AND SILVER.CHAP. 16.—AT WHAT PERIOD SILVER FIRST MADE ITS APPEARANCE UPON THE ARENA AND UPON THE STAGE.CHAP. 17.—AT WHAT PERIODS THERE WAS THE GREATEST QUANTITY OF GOLD AND SILVER IN THE TREASURY OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE.CHAP. 18.—AT WHAT PERIOD CEILINGS WERE FIRST GILDED.CHAP. 19.—FOR WHAT REASONS THE HIGHEST VALUE IS SET UPON GOLD.CHAP. 20.—THE METHOD OF GILDING.CHAP. 21. (4.)—HOW GOLD IS FOUND.CHAP. 22.—ORPIMENT.CHAP. 23.—ELECTRUM.CHAP. 24.—THE FIRST STATUES OF GOLD.CHAP. 25.—EIGHT REMEDIES DERIVED FROM GOLD.CHAP. 26. (5.)—CHRYSOCOLLA.CHAP. 27.—THE USE MADE OF CHRYSOCOLLA IN PAINTING.CHAP. 28.—SEVEN REMEDIES DERIVED FROM CHRYSOCOLLA.CHAP. 29.—THE CHRYSOCOLLA OF THE GOLDSMITHS, KNOWN ALSO AS SANTERNA.CHAP. 30.—THE MARVELLOUS OPERATIONS OF NATURE IN SOLDERING METALLIC SUBSTANCES, AND BRINGING THEM TO A STATE OF PERFECTION.CHAP. 31. (6.)—SILVER.CHAP. 32.—QUICKSILVER.CHAP. 33.—STIMMI, STIBI, ALABASTRUM, LARBASIS, OR PLATYOPHTHALMON.CHAP. 34.—SEVEN REMEDIES DERIVED PROM STIMMI.CHAP. 35.—THE SCORIA OF SILVER. SIX REMEDIES DERIVED FROM IT.CHAP. 36. (7.)—MINIUM: FOR WHAT RELIGIOUS PURPOSES IT WAS USED BY THE ANCIENTS.CHAP. 37.—THE DISCOVERY AND ORIGIN OF MINIUM.CHAP. 38.—CINNABARIS.CHAP. 39.—THE EMPLOYMENT OF CINNABARIS IN PAINTING.CHAP. 40.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF MINIUM. THE USE MADE OF IT IN PAINTING.CHAP. 41. (8.)—HYDRARGYROS. REMEDIES DERIVED FROM MINIUM.CHAP. 42.—THE METHOD OF GILDING SILVER.CHAP. 43.—TOUCHSTONES FOR TESTING GOLD.CHAP. 44.—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF SILVER, AND THE MODES OF TESTING IT.CHAP. 45. (9.)—MIRRORS.CHAP. 46.—EGYPTIAN SILVER.CHAP. 47. (10.)—INSTANCES OF IMMENSE WEALTH. PERSONS WHO HAVE POSSESSED THE GREATEST SUMS OF MONEY.CHAP. 48.—AT WHAT PERIOD THE ROMAN PEOPLE FIRST MADE VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS.CHAP. 49. (11.)—INSTANCES OF LUXURY IN SILVER PLATE.CHAP. 50.—INSTANCES OF THE FRUGALITY OF THE ANCIENTS IN REFERENCE TO SILVER PLATE.CHAP. 51.—AT WHAT PERIOD SILVER WAS FIRST USED AS AN ORNAMENT FOR COUCHES.CHAP. 52.—AT WHAT PERIOD SILVER CHARGERS OF ENORMOUS SIZE WERE FIRST MADE. WHEN SILVER WAS FIRST USED AS A MATERIAL FOR SIDEBOARDS. WHEN THE SIDEBOARDS CALLED TYMPANA WERE FIRST INTRODUCED.CHAP. 53.—THE ENORMOUS PRICE OF SILVER PLATE.CHAP. 54. (12.)—STATUES OF SILVER.CHAP. 55.—THE MOST REMARKABLE WORKS IN SILVER, AND THE NAMES OF THE MOST FAMOUS ARTISTS IN SILVER.CHAP. 56.—SIL: THE PERSONS WHO FIRST USED IT IN PAINTING, AND THE METHOD THEY ADOPTED.CHAP. 57. (13.)—CÆRULEUM.CHAP. 58.—TWO REMEDIES DERIVED FROM CÆRULEUM.CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE ORES OF BRASS.1215 CHAP. 2.—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF COPPER.CHAP. 3.—THE CORINTHIAN BRASS.CHAP. 4.—THE DELIAN BRASS.CHAP. 5.—THE ÆGINETAN BRASS.CHAP. 6. (3.)—STANDS FOR LAMPS.CHAP. 7.—ORNAMENTS OF THE TEMPLES MADE OF BRASS.CHAP. 8.—COUCHES OF BRASS.CHAP. 9. (4.)—WHICH WAS THE FIRST STATUE OF A GOD MADE OF BRASS AT ROME. THE ORIGIN OF STATUES, AND THE RESPECT PAID TO THEM.CHAP. 10. (5.)—THE DIFFERENT KINDS AND FORMS OF STATUES. STATUES AT ROME WITH CUIRASSES.CHAP. 11.—IN HONOUR OF WHOM PUBLIC STATUES WERE FIRST ERECTED: IN HONOUR OF WHOM THEY WERE FIRST PLACED ON PILLARS: WHEN THE ROSTRA WERE FIRST ERECTED.CHAP. 12.—IN HONOUR OF WHAT FOREIGNERS PUBLIC STATUES WERE ERECTED AT ROME.CHAP. 13.—THE FIRST EQUESTRIAN STATUES PUBLICLY ERECTED AT ROME, AND IN HONOUR OF WHAT FEMALES STATUES WERE PUBLICLY ERECTED THERE.CHAP. 14.—AT WHAT PERIOD ALL THE STATUES ERECTED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS WERE REMOVED FROM THE PUBLIC PLACES.CHAP. 15.—THE FIRST STATUES PUBLICLY ERECTED BY FOREIGNERS.CHAP. 16. (7.)—THAT THERE WERE STATUARIES IN ITALY ALSO AT AN EARLY PERIOD.CHAP. 17.—THE IMMODERATE PRICES OF STATUES.CHAP. 18.—THE MOST CELEBRATED COLOSSAL STATUES IN THE CITY.CHAP. 19.—AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOST CELEBRATED WORKS IN BRASS, AND OF THE ARTISTS, 366 IN NUMBER.CHAP. 20.—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF COPPER AND ITS COMBINATIONS. PYROPUS. CAMPANIAN COPPER.CHAP. 21.—THE METHOD OF PRESERVING COPPER.CHAP. 22. (10.)—CADMIA.CHAP. 23.—FIFTEEN REMEDIES DERIVED FROM CADMIA. TEN MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF CALCINED COPPER.CHAP. 24. (11.)—THE SCORIA OF COPPER.CHAP. 25.—STOMOMA OF COPPER; FORTY-SEVEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 26.—VERDIGRIS; EIGHTEEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 27.—HIERACIUM.CHAP. 28. (12.)—SCOLEX OF COPPER; EIGHTEEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 29.—CHALCITIS: SEVEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 30.—SORY: THREE REMEDIES.CHAP. 31.—MISY: THIRTEEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 32.—CHALCANTHUM, OR SHOEMAKERS’ BLACK: SIXTEEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 33. (13.)—POMPHOLYX.CHAP. 34.—SPODOS: FIVE REMEDIES.CHAP. 35.—FIFTEEN VARIETIES OF ANTISPODOS.CHAP. 36.—SMEGMA.CHAP. 37.—DIPHRYX.CHAP. 38.—PARTICULARS RELATIVE TO THE SERVILIAN TRIENS.CHAP. 39 (14).—IRON ORES.CHAP. 40.—STATUES OF IRON; CHASED WORKS IN IRON.CHAP. 41.—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF IRON, AND THE MODE OF TEMPERING IT.CHAP. 42.—THE METAL CALLED LIVE IRON.CHAP. 43. (15.)—METHODS OE PREVENTING RUST.CHAP. 44.—SEVEN REMEDIES DERIVED FROM IRON.CHAP. 45.—FOURTEEN REMEDIES DERIVED FROM RUST.CHAP. 46.—SEVENTEEN REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE SCALES OF IRON. HYGREMPLASTRUM.CHAP. 47. (16.)—THE ORES OF LEAD.CHAP. 48. (17.)—STANNUM. ARGENTARIUM.CHAP. 49.—BLACK LEAD.CHAP. 50. (18.)—FIFTEEN REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LEAD.CHAP. 51.—FIFTEEN REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE SCORIA OF LEAD.CHAP. 52.—SPODIUM OF LEAD.CHAP. 53.—MOLYBDÆNA: FIFTEEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 54.—PSIMITHIUM, OR CERUSE; SIX REMEDIES.CHAP. 55.—SANDARACH; ELEVEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 56.—ARRHENICUM.CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE HONOUR ATTACHED TO PAINTING.CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE HONOUR ATTACHED TO PORTRAITS.CHAP. 3. (3.)—WHEN SHIELDS WERE FIRST INVENTED WITH PORTRAITS UPON THEM; AND WHEN THEY WERE FIRST ERECTED IN PUBLIC.CHAP. 4.—WHEN THESE SHIELDS WERE FIRST PLACED IN PRIVATE HOUSES.CHAP. 5.—THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE ART OF PAINTING. MONOCHROME PAINTINGS. THE EARLIEST PAINTERS.CHAP. 6.—THE ANTIQUITY OF PAINTING IN ITALY.CHAP. 7. (4.)—ROMAN PAINTERS.CHAP. 8.—AT WHAT PERIOD FOREIGN PAINTINGS WERE FIRST INTRODUCED AT ROME.CHAP. 9.—AT WHAT PERIOD PAINTING WAS FIRST HELD IN HIGH ESTEEM AT ROME, AND FROM WHAT CAUSES.CHAP. 10.—WHAT PICTURES THE EMPERORS HAVE EXHIBITED IN PUBLIC.CHAP. 11. (5.)—THE ART OF PAINTING.CHAP. 12. (6.)—PIGMENTS OTHER THAN THOSE OF A METALLIC ORIGIN. ARTIFICIAL COLOURS.CHAP. 13.—SINOPIS: ELEVEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 14.—RUBRICA; LEMNIAN EARTH: FOUR REMEDIES.CHAP. 15.—EGYPTIAN EARTH.CHAP. 16.—OCHRA: REMEDIES DERIVED FROM RUBRICA.CHAP. 17.—LEUCOPHORON.CHAP. 18.—PARÆTONIUM.CHAP. 19.—MELINUM: SIX REMEDIES. CERUSE.CHAP. 20.—USTA.CHAP. 21.—ERETRIA.CHAP. 22.—SANDARACH.CHAP. 23.—SANDYX.CHAP. 24.—SYRICUM.CHAP. 25.—ATRAMENTUM.CHAP. 26.—PURPURISSUM.CHAP. 27.—INDICUM.CHAP. 28.—ARMENIUM; ONE REMEDY.CHAP. 29.—APPIANUM.CHAP. 30.—ANULARIAN WHITE.CHAP. 31. (7.)—WHICH COLOURS DO NOT ADMIT OF BEING LAID ON A WET COATING.CHAP. 32.—WHAT COLOURS WERE USED BY THE ANCIENTS IN PAINTING.CHAP. 33.—AT WHAT TIME COMBATS OF GLADIATORS WERE FIRST PAINTED AND PUBLICLY EXHIBITED.CHAP. 34. (8.)—THE AGE OF PAINTING; WITH THE NAMES OF THE MORE CELEBRATED WORKS AND ARTISTS, FOUR HUNDRED AND FIVE IN NUMBER.CHAP. 35. (9.)—THE FIRST CONTEST FOR EXCELLENCE IN THE PICTORIAL ART.CHAP. 36.—ARTISTS WHO PAINTED WITH THE PENCIL.CHAP. 37.—VARIOUS OTHER KINDS OF PAINTING.CHAP. 38. (11.)—AN EFFECTUAL WAY OF PUTTING A STOP TO THE SINGING OF BIRDS.CHAP. 39.—ARTISTS WHO HAVE PAINTED IN ENCAUSTICS OR WAX, WITH EITHER THE CESTRUM OR THE PENCIL.CHAP. 40.—THE FIRST INVENTORS OF VARIOUS KINDS OF PAINTING. THE GREATEST DIFFICULTIES IN THE ART OF PAINTING. THE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF PAINTING. THE FIRST ARTIST THAT PAINTED CEILINGS. WHEN ARCHED ROOFS WERE FIRST PAINTED. THE MARVELLOUS PRICE OF SOME PICTURES.CHAP. 41.—ENCAUSTIC PAINTING.CHAP. 42.—THE COLOURING OF TISSUES.CHAP. 43. (12.)—THE INVENTORS OF THE ART OF MODELLING.CHAP. 44.—WHO WAS THE FIRST TO MOULD FIGURES IN IMITATION OF THE FEATURES OF LIVING PERSONS, OR OF STATUES.CHAP. 45.—THE MOST FAMOUS MODELLERS.CHAP. 46.—WORKS IN POTTERY.CHAP. 47. (13.)—VARIOUS KINDS OF EARTH, THE PUTEOLAN DUST, AND OTHER EARTHS OF WHICH CEMENTS LIKE STONE ARE MADE.CHAP. 48. (14.)—FORMACEAN WALLS.CHAP. 49.—WALLS OF BRICK. THE METHOD OF MAKING BRICKS.CHAP. 50. (15.)—SULPHUR, AND THE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF IT: FOURTEEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 51.—BITUMEN, AND THE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF IT; TWENTY-SEVEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 52.—ALUMEN, AND THE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF IT; THIRTY-EIGHT REMEDIES.CHAP. 53. (16.)—SAMIAN EARTH: THREE REMEDIES.CHAP. 54.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF ERETRIA.CHAP. 55.—THE METHOD OF WASHING EARTHS FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES.CHAP. 56.—CHIAN EARTH; THREE REMEDIES. SELINUSIAN EARTH; THREE REMEDIES. PNIGITIS; NINE REMEDIES. AMPELITIS; FOUR REMEDIES.CHAP. 57. (17.)—CRETACEOUS EARTHS USER FOR SCOURING CLOTH. CIMOLIAN EARTH; NINE REMEDIES. SARDINIAN EARTH. UMBRIAN EARTH. SAXUM.CHAP. 58.—ARGENTARIA. NAMES OF FREEDMEN WHO HAVE EITHER RISEN TO POWER THEMSELVES, OR HAVE BELONGED TO MEN OF INFLUENCE.CHAP. 59. (19.)—THE EARTH OF GALATA; OF CLYPEA; OF THE BALEARES; AND OF EBUSUS.CHAP. 1. (1.)—LUXURY DISPLAYED IN THE USE OF VARIOUS KINDS OF MARBLE.CHAP. 2.—WHO WAS THE FIRST TO EMPLOY MARBLE IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS.CHAP. 3. (3.)—WHO WAS THE FIRST TO ERECT COLUMNS OF FOREIGN MARBLE AT ROME.CHAP. 4. (4.)—THE FIRST ARTISTS WHO EXCELLED IN THE SCULPTURE OF MARBLE, AND THE VARIOUS PERIODS AT WHICH THEY FLOURISHED. THE MAUSOLEUM IN CARIA. THE MOST CELEBRATED SCULPTORS AND WORKS IN MARBLE, TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIVE IN NUMBER.CHAP. 5. (6.)—AT WHAT PERIOD MARBLE WAS FIRST USED IN BUILDINGS.CHAP. 6.—WHO WERE THE FIRST TO CUT MARBLE INTO SLABS, AND AT WHAT PERIOD.CHAP. 7.—WHO WAS THE FIRST TO ENCRUST THE WALLS OF HOUSES AT ROME WITH MARBLE.CHAP. 8.—AT WHAT PERIOD THE VARIOUS KINDS OF MARBLE CAME INTO USE AT ROME.CHAP. 9.—THE METHOD OF CUTTING MARBLE INTO SLABS. THE SAND USED IN CUTTING MARBLE.CHAP. 10. (7.)—STONE OF NAXOS. STONE OF ARMENIA.CHAP. 11.—THE MARBLES OF ALEXANDRIA.CHAP. 12.—ONYX AND ALABASTRITES; SIX REMEDIES.CHAP. 13.—LYGDINUS; CORALLITIC STONE; STONE OF ALABANDA; STONE OF THEBAIS; STONE OF SYENE.CHAP. 14.—OBELISKS.CHAP. 15. (10.)—THE OBELISK WHICH SERVES AS A DIAL IN THE CAMPUS MARTIUS.CHAP. 16. (12.)—MARVELLOUS WORKS IN EGYPT. THE PYRAMIDS.CHAP. 17.—THE EGYPTIAN SPHINX.CHAP. 18.—THE PHAROS.CHAP. 19. (13.)—LABYRINTHS.CHAP. 20.—HANGING GARDENS. A HANGING CITY.CHAP. 21. (14.)—THE TEMPLE OF DIANA AT EPHESUS.CHAP. 22. (15.)—MARVELS CONNECTED WITH OTHER TEMPLES.CHAP. 23.—THE FUGITIVE STONE. THE SEVEN-FOLD ECHO. BUILDINGS ERECTED WITHOUT THE USE OF NAILS.CHAP. 24.—MARVELLOUS BUILDINGS AT ROME, EIGHTEEN IN NUMBER.CHAP. 25. (16.)—THE MAGNET: THREE REMEDIES CHAP. 26.—STONE OF SCYROS.CHAP. 27. (17.)—SARCOPHAGUS, OR STONE OF ASSOS: TEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 28.—CHERNITES.CHAP. 29. (18.)—OSSEOUS STONES. PALM STONES. CORANI. BLACK STONES.CHAP. 30.—MOLAR STONES. PYRITES; SEVEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 31.—OSTRACITES; FOUR REMEDIES. AMIANTHUS; TWO REMEDIES.CHAP. 32.—GEODES; THREE REMEDIES.CHAP. 33.—MELITINUS; SIX REMEDIES.CHAP. 34.—GAGATES: SIX REMEDIES.CHAP. 35.—SPONGITES: TWO REMEDIES.CHAP. 36.—PHRYGIAN STONE.CHAP. 37. (20.)—HÆMATITES: FIVE REMEDIES. SCHISTOS: SEVEN REMEDIES.CHAP. 38.—ÆTHIOPIC HÆMATITES. ANDRODAMAS; TWO REMEDIES. ARABIAN HÆMATITES. MILTITES OR HEPATITES. ANTHRACITES.CHAP. 39. (21)—AËTITES. TAPHIUSIAN STONE. CALLIMUS.CHAP. 40.—SAMIAN STONE: EIGHT REMEDIES.CHAP. 41.—ARABIAN STONE; SIX REMEDIES.CHAP. 42.—PUMICE; NINE REMEDIES.CHAP. 43. (22.)—STONES FOR MORTARS USED FOR MEDICINAL AND OTHER PURPOSES. ETESIAN STONE. THEBAIC STONE. CHALAZIAN STONE.CHAP. 44.—STONE OF SIPHNOS. SOFT STONES.CHAP. 45.—SPECULAR STONES.CHAP. 46.—PHENGITES.CHAP. 47.—WHETSTONES.CHAP. 48.—TOPHUS.CHAP. 49.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF SILEX.CHAP. 50.—OTHER STONES USED FOR BUILDING.CHAP. 51.—THE VARIOUS METHODS OF BUILDING.CHAP. 52. (23.)—CISTERNS.CHAP. 53.—QUICK-LIME.CHAP. 54.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF SAND. THE COMBINATIONS OF SAND WITH LIME.CHAP. 55.—DEFECTS IN BUILDING. PLASTERS FOR WALLS.CHAP. 56.—COLUMNS. THE SEVERAL KINDS OF COLUMNS.CHAP. 57. (24.)—FIVE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIME.CHAP. 58.—MALTHA.CHAP. 59.—GYPSUM.CHAP. 60. (25.)—PAVEMENTS. THE ASAROTOS ŒCOS.CHAP. 61.—THE FIRST PAVEMENTS IN USE AT ROME.CHAP. 62.—TERRACE-ROOF PAVEMENTS.CHAP. 63.—GRÆCANIC PAVEMENTS.CHAP. 64.—AT WHAT PERIOD MOSAIC PAVEMENTS WERE FIRST INVENTED. AT WHAT PERIOD ARCHED ROOFS WERE FIRST DECORATED WITH GLASS.CHAP. 65. (26.)—THE ORIGIN OF GLASS.CHAP. 66.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF GLASS, AND THE MODE OF MAKING IT.CHAP. 67.—OBSIAN GLASS AND OBSIAN STONE.CHAP. 68. (27.)—MARVELLOUS FACTS CONNECTED WITH FIRE.CHAP. 69.—THREE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM FIRE AND FROM ASHES.CHAP. 70.—PRODIGIES CONNECTED WITH THE HEARTH.CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE FIRST USE OF PRECIOUS STONES.CHAP. 2.—THE JEWEL OF POLYCRATES.CHAP. 3.—THE JEWEL OF PYRRHUS.CHAP. 4.—WHO WERE THE MOST SKILFUL LAPIDARIES. THE FINEST SPECIMENS OF ENGRAVING ON PRECIOUS STONES.CHAP. 5.—THE FIRST DACTYLIOTHECÆ AT ROME.CHAP. 6.—JEWELS DISPLAYED AT ROME IN THE TRIUMPH OF POMPEIUS MAGNUS.CHAP. 7.—AT WHAT PERIOD MURRHINE VESSELS WERE FIRST INTRODUCED AT ROME. INSTANCES OF LUXURY IN REFERENCE TO THEM.CHAP. 8.—THE NATURE OF MURRHINE VESSELS.CHAP. 9—THE NATURE OF CRYSTAL.CHAP. 10.—LUXURY DISPLAYED IN THE USE OF CRYSTAL. REMEDIES DERIVED FROM CRYSTAL.CHAP. 11.—AMBER: THE MANY FALSEHOODS THAT HAVE BEEN TOLD ABOUT IT.CHAP. 12.—THE SEVERAL KINDS OF AMBER: THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM IT.CHAP. 13.—LYNCURUIM: TWO ASSERTED REMEDIES.CHAP. 14.—THE VARIOUS PRECIOUS STONES, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR PRINCIPAL COLOURS.CHAP. 15. (4.)—ADAMAS: SIX VARIETIES OF IT. TWO REMEDIES.CHAP. 16.—-SMARAGDUS.CHAP. 17.—TWELVE VARIETIES OF THE SMARAGDUS.CHAP. 18.—DEFECTS IN THE SMARAGDUS.CHAP. 19.—THE PRECIOUS STONE CALLED TANOS. CHALCOSMARAGDOS.CHAP. 20.—BERYLS: EIGHT VARIETIES OF THEM. DEFECTS IN BERYLS.CHAP. 21. (6.)—OPALS: SEVEN VARIETIES OF THEM.CHAP. 22.—DEFECTS IN OPALS: THE MODES OF TESTING THEM.CHAP. 23.—SARDONYX; THE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF IT. DEFECTS IN THE SARDONYX.CHAP. 24.—ONYX: THE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 25. (7.)—CARBUNCULUS: TWELVE VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 26.—DEFECTS IN CARBUNCULUS, AND THE MODE OF TESTING IT.CHAP. 27.—AHTHRACITIS.3093 CHAP. 28.—SANDASTROS. SANDARESOS.CHAP. 29.—LYCHNIS: FOUR VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 30.—CARCHEDONIA.CHAP. 31.—SARDA: FIVE VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 32. (8.)—TOPAZOS: TWO VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 33.—CALLAINA.CHAP. 34.—PRASIUS; THREE VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 35.—NILION.CHAP. 36.—MOLOCHITIS.CHAP. 37.—IASPIS; FOURTEEN VARIETIES OF IT. DEFECTS FOUND IN IASPIS.CHAP. 38.—CYANOS; THE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 39.—SAPPHIROS.CHAP. 40.—AMETHYSTOS; FOUR VARIETIES OF IT. SOCONDION. SAPENOS. PHARANITIS. APHRODITES BLEPHARON, ANTEROS, OR PÆDEROS.CHAP. 41.—HYACINTHOS.CHAP. 42.—CHRYSOLITHOS: SEVEN VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 43.—CHRYSELECTRUM.CHAP. 44.—LEUCOCHRYSOS: FOUR VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 45.—MELICHRYSOS. XUTHON.CHAP. 46.—PÆDEROS, SANGENON, OR TENITES.CHAP. 47.—ASTERIA.CHAP. 48.—ASTRION.CHAP. 49.—ASTRIOTES.CHAP. 50.—ASTROBOLOS.CHAP. 51.—CERAUNIA; FOUR VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 52.—IRIS; TWO VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 53.—LEROS.CHAP. 54.—ACHATES; THE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF IT. ACOPOS; THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM IT. ALABASTRITIS; THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM IT. ALECTORIA. ANDRODAMAS. ARGYRODAMAS. ANTIPATHES. ARABICA. AROMATITIS. ASBESTOS. ASPISATIS. ATIZÖE. AUGETIS. AMPHIDANES OR CHRYSOCOLLA. APHRODISIACA. APSYCTOS. ÆGYPTILLA.CHAP. 55.—BALANITES. BATRACHITIS. BAPTES. BELI OCULUS. BELUS. BAROPTENUS OR BARIPPE. BOTRYITIS. BOSTRYCHITIS. BUCARDIA. BRONTEA. BOLOS.CHAP. 56.—CADMITIS. CALLAIS. CAPNITIS. CAPPADOCIA. CALLAICA. CATOCHITIS. CATOPTRITIS. CEPITIS OR CEPOLATITIS. CERAMITIS. CINÆDIA. CERITIS. CIRCOS. CORSOÏDES. CORALLOACHATES. CORALLIS. CRATERITIS. CROCALLIS. CYITIS. CHALCOPHONOS. CHELIDONIA. CHELONIA. CHELONITIS. CHLORITIS. CHOASPITIS. CHRYSOLAMPIS. CHRYSOPIS. CEPONIDES.CHAP. 57.—DAPHNEA. DIADOCHOS. DIPHYES. DIONYSIAS. DRACONITIS.CHAP. 58.—ENCARDIA OR ARISTE. ENORCHIS. EXEBENUS. ERYTHALLIS. EROTYLOS. AMPHICOMOS, OR HIEROMNEMON. EUMECES. EUMITHRES. EUPETALOS. EUREOS. EUROTIAS. EUSEBES. EPIMELAS.CHAP. 59.—GALAXIAS. GALACTITIS, LEUCOGÆA, LEUCOGRAPHITIS, OR SYNNEPHITIS. GALLAICA. GASSINADE. GLOSSOPETRA. GORGONIA. GONIÆA.CHAP. 60.—HELIOTROPIUM. HEPHÆSTITIS. HERMUAIDOION. HEXECONTALITHOS. HIERACITIS. HAMMITIS. HAMMONIS CORNU. HORMISCION. HYÆNIA. HÆMATITIS.CHAP. 61.—IDÆI DACTYLI. ICTERIAS. JOVIS GEMMA. INDICA. ION.CHAP. 62.—LEPIDOTIS. LESBIAS. LEUCOPHTHALMOS. LEUCOPŒCILOS. LIBANOCHRUS. LIMONIATIS. LIPAREA. LYSIMACHOS. LEUCOCHRYSOS.CHAP. 63.—MEMNONIA. MEDIA. MECONITIS. MITHRAX. MOROCHTHOS. MORMORION OR PROMNION. MURRHITIS. MYRMECIAS. MYRSINITIS. MESOLEUCOS. MESOMELAS.CHAP. 64.—NASAMONITIS. NEBRITIS. NIPPARENE.CHAP. 65.—OICA. OMBRIA OR NOTIA. ONOCARDIA. ORITIS OR SIDERITIS. OSTRACIAS. OSTRITIS. OPHICARDELON. OBSIAN STONE.CHAP. 66.—PANCHRUS. PANGONUS. PANEROS OR PANERASTOS. PONTICA; FOUR VARIETIES OF IT. PHLOGINOS OR CHRYSITIS. PHŒNICITIS. PHYCITIS. PERILEUCOS. PÆNITIS OR GÆANIS.CHAP. 67.—SOLIS GEMMA. SAGDA. SAMOTHRACIA. SAURITIS. SARCITIS. SELENITIS. SIDERITIS. SIDEROPŒCILOS. SPONGITIS. SYNODONTITIS. SYRTITIS. SYRINGITIS.CHAP. 68.—TRICHRUS. THELYRRHIZOS. THELYCARDIOS OR MULC. THRACIA; THREE VARIETIES OF IT. TEPHRITIS. TECOLITHOS.CHAP. 69.—VENERIS CRINES. VEIENTANA.CHAP. 70.—ZATHENE. ZMILAMPIS. ZORANISCÆA.CHAP. 71. (11.)—PRECIOUS STONES WHICH DERIVE THEIR NAMES FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY. HEPATITIS. STEATITIS. ADADUNEPHROS. ADADUOPHTHALMOS. ADADUDACTYLOS. TRIOPHTHALMOS.CHAP. 72.—PRECIOUS STONES WHICH DERIVE THEIR NAMES FROM ANIMALS. CARCINIAS. ECHITIS. SCORPITIS. SCARITIS. TRIGLITIS. ÆGOPHTHALMOS. HYOPHTHALMOS. GERANITIS. HIERACITIS. AETITIS. MYRMECITIS. CANTHARIAS. LYCOPHTHALMOS. TAOS. TIMICTONIA.CHAP. 73.—PRECIOUS STONES WHICH DERIVE THEIR NAMES PROM OTHER OBJECTS. HAMMOCHRYSOS. CENCHRITIS. DRYITIS. CISSITIS. NARCISSITIS. CYAMIAS. PYREN. PHŒNICITIS. CHALAZIAS. PYRITIS. POLYZONOS. ASTRAPÆA. PHLOGITIS. ANTHRACITIS. ENHYGROS. POLYTHRIX. LEONTIOS. PARDALIOS. DROSOLITHOS. MELICHRUS. MELICHLOROS. CROCIAS. POLIAS. SPARTOPOLIAS. RHODITIS. CHALCITIS. SYCITIS. BOSTRYCHITIS. CHERNITIS. ANANCITIS. SYNOCHITIS. DENDRITIS.CHAP. 74. (12.)—PRECIOUS STONES THAT SUDDENLY MAKE THEIR APPEARANCE. COCHLIDES.CHAP. 75.—THE VARIOUS FORMS OF PRECIOUS STONES.CHAP. 76. (13.)—THE METHODS OF TESTING PRECIOUS STONES.CHAP. 77.—A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF NATURE AS SHE APPEARS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. THE COMPARATIVE VALUES OF THINGS.FOOTNOTES:Chapter 379 Chapter 380 Chapter 381 Chapter 382 Chapter 383 Chapter 384 Chapter 385 Chapter 386 Chapter 387 Chapter 388 Chapter 389 Chapter 390 Chapter 391 Chapter 392 Chapter 393 Chapter 394 Chapter 395 Chapter 396 Chapter 397 Chapter 398 Chapter 399 Chapter 400 Chapter 401 Chapter 402 Chapter 403 Chapter 404 INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT AND NOTES. ⁂ The Roman numerals refer to the volume, the Arabic to the Page.ERRATA.THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE