官方藏书 / History_-_Ancient / The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 3 (of 6)

The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 3 (of 6)

the Elder Pliny · History_-_Ancient · 473 章

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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PLINY.CONTENTS. OF THE THIRD VOLUME.Chapter 3 GREEK AND ROMAN MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES MENTIONED BY PLINY.CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE EXTREME SMALLNESS OF INSECTS.CHAP. 2. (3.)—WHETHER INSECTS RESPIRE, AND WHETHER THEY HAVE BLOOD.CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE BODIES OF INSECTS.CHAP. 4. (5.)—BEES.CHAP. 5. (6.)—THE ORDER DISPLAYED IN THE WORKS OF BEES.CHAP. 6. (5.)—THE MEANING OF THE TERMS COMMOSIS, PISSOCEROS, AND PROPOLIS.CHAP. 7.—THE MEANING OF ERITHACE, SANDARACA, OR CERINTHOS.CHAP. 8. (8.)—WHAT FLOWERS ARE USED BY THE BEES IN THEIR WORK.CHAP. 9. (9.)—PERSONS WHO HAVE MADE BEES THEIR STUDY.CHAP. 10. (10.)—THE MODE IN WHICH BEES WORK.CHAP. 11.—DRONES.CHAP. 12.—THE QUALITIES OF HONEY.CHAP. 13. (13.)—WHERE THE BEST HONEY IS PRODUCED.CHAP. 14. (14.)—THE KINDS OF HONEY PECULIAR TO VARIOUS PLACES.CHAP. 15. (15.)—HOW HONEY IS TESTED. ERICÆUM. TETRALIX, OR SISIRUM.CHAP. 16.—THE REPRODUCTION OF BEES.CHAP. 17. (17.)—THE MODE OF GOVERNMENT OF THE BEES.CHAP. 18.—HAPPY OMENS SOMETIMES AFFORDED BY A SWARM OF BEES.CHAP. 19. (18.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF BEES.CHAP. 20.—THE DISEASES OF BEES.CHAP. 21.—THINGS THAT ARE NOXIOUS TO BEES.CHAP. 22. (20.)—HOW TO KEEP BEES TO THE HIVE.CHAP. 23.—METHODS OF RENEWING THE SWARM.CHAP. 24. (21.)—WASPS AND HORNETS: ANIMALS WHICH APPROPRIATE WHAT BELONGS TO OTHERS.CHAP. 25. (22.)—THE BOMBYX OF ASSYRIA.CHAP. 26.—THE LARVÆ OF THE SILK-WORM—WHO FIRST INVENTED SILK CLOTHS.CHAP. 27. (23.)—THE SILK-WORM OF COS—HOW THE COAN VESTMENTS ARE MADE.CHAP. 28. (24.)—SPIDERS; THE KINDS THAT MAKE WEBS; THE MATERIALS USED BY THEM IN SO DOING.CHAP. 29.—THE GENERATION OF SPIDERS.CHAP. 30. (25.)—SCORPIONS.CHAP. 31. (26.)—THE STELLIO.CHAP. 32.—THE GRASSHOPPER: THAT IT HAS NEITHER MOUTH NOR OUTLET FOR FOOD.CHAP. 33. (28.)—THE WINGS OF INSECTS.111 CHAP. 34.—THE BEETLE. THE GLOW-WORM. OTHER KINDS OF BEETLES.CHAP. 35.—LOCUSTS.CHAP. 36. (30.)—ANTS.CHAP. 37. (32.)—THE CHRYSALIS.CHAP. 38. (33.)—ANIMALS WHICH BREED IN WOOD.CHAP. 39.—INSECTS THAT ARE PARASITES OF MAN. WHICH IS THE SMALLEST OF ANIMALS? ANIMALS FOUND IN WAX EVEN.CHAP. 40. (34.)—AN ANIMAL WHICH HAS NO PASSAGE FOR THE EVACUATIONS.CHAP. 41. (35.)—MOTHS, CANTHARIDES, GNATS—AN INSECT THAT BREEDS IN THE SNOW.CHAP. 42. (36.)—AN ANIMAL FOUND IN FIRE—THE PYRALLIS OR PYRAUSTA.CHAP. 43.—THE ANIMAL CALLED HEMEROBION.CHAP. 44. (37.)—THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL ANIMALS CONSIDERED LIMB BY LIMB. THOSE WHICH HAVE TUFTS AND CRESTS.CHAP. 45.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF HORNS. ANIMALS IN WHICH THEY ARE MOVEABLE.CHAP. 46.—THE HEADS OF ANIMALS. THOSE WHICH HAVE NONE.CHAP. 47.—THE HAIR.CHAP. 48.—THE BONES OF THE HEAD.CHAP. 49.—THE BRAIN.CHAP. 50.—THE EARS. ANIMALS WHICH HEAR WITHOUT EARS OR APERTURES.CHAP. 51.—THE FACE, THE FOREHEAD, AND THE EYE-BROWS.CHAP. 52.—THE EYES—ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO EYES, OR HAVE ONLY ONE EYE.CHAP. 53.—THE DIVERSITY OF THE COLOUR OF THE EYES.CHAP. 54.—THE THEORY OF SIGHT—PERSONS WHO CAN SEE BY NIGHT.CHAP. 55.—THE NATURE OF THE PUPIL—EYES WHICH DO NOT SHUT.CHAP. 56.—THE HAIR OF THE EYE-LIDS; WHAT ANIMALS ARE WITHOUT THEM. ANIMALS WHICH CAN SEE ON ONE SIDE ONLY.CHAP. 57.—ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO EYELIDS.CHAP. 58.—THE CHEEKS.CHAP. 59.—THE NOSTRILS.CHAP. 60.—THE MOUTH; THE LIPS; THE CHIN; AND THE JAW-BONE.CHAP. 61.—THE TEETH; THE VARIOUS KINDS OF TEETH; IN WHAT ANIMALS THEY ARE NOT ON BOTH SIDES OF THE MOUTH: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE HOLLOW TEETH.CHAP. 62.—THE TEETH OF SERPENTS; THEIR POISON. A BIRD WHICH HAS TEETH.CHAP. 63.—WONDERFUL CIRCUMSTANCES CONNECTED WITH THE TEETH.CHAP. 64.—HOW AN ESTIMATE IS FORMED OF THE AGE OF ANIMALS FROM THEIR TEETH.CHAP. 65.—THE TONGUE; ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO TONGUE. THE NOISE MADE BY FROGS. THE PALATE.CHAP. 66.—THE TONSILS; THE UVA; THE EPIGLOSSIS; THE ARTERY; THE GULLET.CHAP. 67.—THE NECK; THE THROAT; THE DORSAL SPINE.CHAP. 68.—THE THROAT; THE GULLET; THE STOMACH.CHAP. 69.—THE HEART; THE BLOOD; THE VITAL SPIRIT.CHAP. 70.—THOSE ANIMALS WHICH HAVE THE LARGEST HEART, AND THOSE WHICH HAVE THE SMALLEST. WHAT ANIMALS HAVE TWO HEARTS.CHAP. 71.—WHEN THE CUSTOM WAS FIRST ADOPTED OF EXAMINING THE HEART IN THE INSPECTION OF THE ENTRAILS.CHAP. 72.—THE LUNGS: IN WHAT ANIMALS THEY ARE THE LARGEST, AND IN WHAT THE SMALLEST. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NOTHING BUT LUNGS IN THE INTERIOR OF THE BODY. CAUSES WHICH PRODUCE EXTRAORDINARY SWIFTNESS IN ANIMALS.CHAP. 73.—THE LIVER: IN WHAT ANIMALS, AND IN WHAT PART THERE ARE TWO LIVERS FOUND.CHAP. 74.—THE GALL; WHERE SITUATE, AND IN WHAT ANIMALS IT IS DOUBLE. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO GALL, AND OTHERS IN WHICH IT IS NOT SITUATE IN THE LIVER.CHAP. 75.—THE PROPERTIES OF THE GALL.CHAP. 76.—IN WHAT ANIMALS THE LIVER INCREASES AND DECREASES WITH THE MOON. OBSERVATIONS OF THE ARUSPICES RELATIVE THERETO, AND REMARKABLE PRODIGIES.CHAP. 77.—THE DIAPHRAGM. THE NATURE OF LAUGHTER.CHAP. 78.—THE BELLY: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO BELLY. WHICH ARE THE ONLY ANIMALS THAT VOMIT.CHAP. 79.—THE SMALL GUTS, THE FRONT INTESTINES, THE ANUS, THE COLON. THE CAUSES OF THE INSATIATE VORACITY OF CERTAIN ANIMALS.CHAP. 80.—THE OMENTUM: THE SPLEEN; ANIMALS WHICH ARE WITHOUT IT.CHAP. 81.—THE KIDNEYS: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE FOUR KIDNEYS. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NONE.CHAP. 82.—THE BREAST: THE RIBS.CHAP. 83.—THE BLADDER: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO BLADDER.CHAP. 84.—THE WOMB: THE WOMB OF THE SOW: THE TEATS.CHAP. 85.—ANIMALS WHICH HAVE SUET: ANIMALS WHICH DO NOT GROW FAT.CHAP. 86.—THE MARROW: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO MARROW.CHAP. 87.—BONES AND FISH-BONES: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NEITHER. CARTILAGES.CHAP. 88.—THE NERVE: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NONE.CHAP. 89.—THE ARTERIES; THE VEINS: ANIMALS WITHOUT ARTERIES OR VEINS. THE BLOOD AND THE SWEAT.CHAP. 90. (38.)—ANIMALS, THE BLOOD OF WHICH COAGULATES WITH THE GREATEST RAPIDITY: OTHER ANIMALS, THE BLOOD OF WHICH DOES NOT COAGULATE. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE THE THICKEST BLOOD: THOSE THE BLOOD OF WHICH IS THE THINNEST: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO BLOOD.CHAP. 91.—ANIMALS WHICH ARE WITHOUT BLOOD AT CERTAIN PERIODS OF THE YEAR.CHAP. 92. (39.)—WHETHER THE BLOOD IS THE PRINCIPLE OF LIFE.CHAP. 93.—THE HIDE OF ANIMALS.CHAP. 94.—THE HAIR AND THE COVERING OF THE SKIN.CHAP. 95.—THE PAPS: BIRDS THAT HAVE PAPS. REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE DUGS OF ANIMALS.CHAP. 96. (41.)—THE MILK: THE BIESTINGS. CHEESE; OF WHAT MILK CHEESE CANNOT BE MADE. RENNET; THE VARIOUS KINDS OF ALIMENT IN MILK.CHAP. 97. (42.)—VARIOUS KINDS OF CHEESE.CHAP. 98. (43.)—DIFFERENCES OF THE MEMBERS OF MAN FROM THOSE OF OTHER ANIMALS.CHAP. 99.—THE FINGERS, THE ARMS.CHAP. 100. (44.)—RESEMBLANCE OF THE APE TO MAN.CHAP. 101. (45.)—THE NAILS.CHAP. 102.—THE KNEES AND THE HAMS.CHAP. 103.—PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY TO WHICH CERTAIN RELIGIOUS IDEAS ARE ATTACHED.CHAP. 104.—VARICOSE VEINS.CHAP. 105.—THE GAIT, THE FEET, THE LEGS.CHAP. 106. (46.)—HOOFS.CHAP. 107. (47.)—THE FEET OF BIRDS.CHAP. 108. (48.)—THE FEET OF ANIMALS, FROM THOSE HAVING TWO FEET TO THOSE WITH A HUNDRED.—DWARFS.CHAP. 109.—THE SEXUAL PARTS.—HERMAPHRODITES.CHAP. 110.—THE TESTES—THE THREE CLASSES OF EUNUCHS.CHAP. 111. (50.)—THE TAILS OF ANIMALS.CHAP. 112. (51.)—THE DIFFERENT VOICES OF ANIMALS.CHAP. 113. (52.)—SUPERFLUOUS LIMBS.CHAP. 114.—SIGNS OF VITALITY AND OF THE MORAL DISPOSITION OF MAN, FROM THE LIMBS.CHAP. 115. (53.)—RESPIRATION AND NUTRIMENT.CHAP. 116.—ANIMALS WHICH WHEN FED UPON POISON DO NOT DIE, AND THE FLESH OF WHICH IS POISONOUS.CHAP. 117.—REASONS FOR INDIGESTION. REMEDIES FOR CRUDITY.CHAP. 118.—FROM WHAT CAUSES CORPULENCE ARISES; HOW IT MAY BE REDUCED.CHAP. 119.—WHAT THINGS, BY MERELY TASTING OF THEM, ALLAY HUNGER AND THIRST.CHAP. 1.—THE HONOURABLE PLACE OCCUPIED BY TREES IN THE SYSTEM OF NATURE.CHAP. 2. (1.)—THE EARLY HISTORY OF TREES.CHAP. 3.—EXOTIC TREES. WHEN THE PLANE-TREE FIRST APPEARED IN ITALY, AND WHENCE IT CAME.CHAP. 4.—THE NATURE OF THE PLANE-TREE.CHAP. 5.—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE PLANE-TREE.CHAP. 6. (2.)—THE CHAMÆPLATANUS. WHO WAS THE FIRST TO CLIP GREEN SHRUBS.CHAP. 7. (3.)—HOW THE CITRON IS PLANTED.CHAP. 8. (4.)—THE TREES OF INDIA.CHAP. 9.—WHEN EBONY WAS FIRST SEEN AT ROME. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF EBONY.CHAP. 10. (5.)—THE INDIAN THORN.CHAP. 11.—THE INDIAN FIG.CHAP. 12. (6.)—THE PALA: THE FRUIT CALLED ARIENA.CHAP. 13.—INDIAN TREES, THE NAMES OF WHICH ARE UNKNOWN. INDIAN TREES WHICH BEAR FLAX.CHAP. 14. (7.)—THE PEPPER-TREE.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF PEPPER—BREGMA—ZINGIBERI, OR ZIMPIBERI.CHAP. 15.—CARYOPHYLLON, LYCION, AND THE CHIRONIAN PYXACANTHUS.CHAP. 16. (8.)—MACIR.CHAP. 17.—SUGAR.CHAP. 18.—TREES OF ARIANA, GEDROSIA, AND HYRCANIA.CHAP. 19. (9.)—TREES OF BACTRIANA, BDELLIUM, OR BROCHON, OTHERWISE MALACHA, OR MALDACON, SCORDASTUM. ADULTERATIONS USED IN ALL SPICES AND AROMATICS; THE VARIOUS TESTS OF THEM AND THEIR RESPECTIVE VALUES.CHAP. 20.—TREES OF PERSIS.CHAP. 21. (10.)—TREES OF THE ISLANDS OF THE PERSIAN SEA. THE COTTON TREE.CHAP. 22.—THE TREE CALLED CYNA. TREES FROM WHICH FABRICS FOR CLOTHING ARE MADE IN THE EAST.CHAP. 23.—A COUNTRY WHERE THE TREES NEVER LOSE THEIR LEAVES.CHAP. 24.—THE VARIOUS USEFUL PRODUCTS OF TREES.CHAP. 25. (12.)—COSTUS.CHAP. 26.—NARD. THE TWELVE VARIETIES OF THE PLANT.CHAP. 27. (13.)—ASARUM, OR FOAL-FOOT.CHAP. 28.—AMOMUM.—AMOMIS.CHAP. 29.—CARDAMOMUM.CHAP. 30.—THE COUNTRY OF FRANKINCENSE.CHAP. 31.—THE TREES THAT BEAR FRANKINCENSE.CHAP. 32.—VARIOUS KINDS OF FRANKINCENSE.CHAP. 33. (15.)—MYRRH.CHAP. 34.—THE TREES WHICH PRODUCE MYRRH.CHAP. 35.—THE NATURE AND VARIOUS KINDS OF MYRRH.CHAP. 36. (17.)—MASTICH.CHAP. 37.—LADANUM AND STOBOLON.CHAP. 38.—ENHÆMON.CHAP. 39.—THE TREE CALLED BRATUS.CHAP. 40.—THE TREE CALLED STOBRUM.CHAP. 41. (18.)—WHY ARABIA WAS CALLED “HAPPY.”CHAP. 42. (19.)—CINNAMOMUM.552 XYLOCINNAMUM.CHAP. 43.—CASSIA.CHAP. 44.—CANCAMUM AND TARUM.CHAP. 45. (21.)—SERICHATUM AND GABALIUM.CHAP. 46.—MYROBALANUM.CHAP. 47. (22.)—PHŒNICOBALANUS.CHAP. 48.—THE SWEET-SCENTED CALAMUS;575 THE SWEET-SCENTED RUSH.CHAP. 49.—HAMMONIACUM.CHAP. 50.—SPHAGNOS.CHAP. 51.—CYPROS.CHAP. 52.—ASPALATHOS, OR ERYSISCEPTRUM.CHAP. 53.—MARON.CHAP. 54. (25.)—BALSAMUM; OPOBALSAMUM; AND XYLOBALSAMUM.CHAP. 55.—STORAX.CHAP. 56.—GALBANUM.CHAP. 57. (26.)—PANAX.CHAP. 58.—SPONDYLIUM.CHAP. 59.—MALOBATHRUM.CHAP. 60. (27.)—OMPHACIUM.CHAP. 61. (28.)—BRYON, ŒNANTHE, AND MASSARIS.CHAP. 62.—ELATE OR SPATHE.CHAP. 63.—CINNAMON OR COMACUM.CHAP. 1. (1.)—UNGUENTS—AT WHAT PERIOD THEY WERE FIRST INTRODUCED.CHAP. 2.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF UNGUENTS—TWELVE PRINCIPAL COMPOSITIONS.CHAP. 3.—DIAPASMA, MAGMA; THE MODE OF TESTING UNGUENTS.CHAP. 4. (3.)—THE EXCESSES TO WHICH LUXURY HAS RUN IN UNGUENTS.CHAP. 5.—WHEN UNGUENTS WERE FIRST USED BY THE ROMANS.CHAP. 6.—THE PALM-TREE.CHAP. 7.—THE NATURE OF THE PALM-TREE.CHAP. 8.—HOW THE PALM-TREE IS PLANTED.CHAP. 9.—THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF PALM-TREES, AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.CHAP. 10. (5.)—THE TREES OF SYRIA: THE PISTACIA, THE COTTANA, THE DAMASCENA, AND THE MYXA.CHAP. 11.—THE CEDAR. TREES WHICH HAVE ON THEM THE FRUIT OF THREE YEARS AT ONCE.CHAP. 12. (6.)—THE TEREBINTH.831 CHAP. 13.—THE SUMACH-TREE.CHAP. 14. (7.)—THE TREES OF EGYPT. THE FIG-TREE OF ALEXANDRIA.CHAP. 15.—THE FIG-TREE OF CYPRUS.CHAP. 16. (8.)—THE CAROB-TREE.CHAP. 17. (9.)—THE PERSIAN TREE. IN WHAT TREES THE FRUITS GERMINATE THE ONE BELOW THE OTHER.CHAP. 18.—THE CUCUS.CHAP. 19.—THE EGYPTIAN THORN.CHAP. 20. (11.)—NINE KINDS OF GUM. THE SARCOCOLLA.CHAP. 21.—THE PAPYRUS: THE USE OF PAPER; WHEN IT WAS FIRST INVENTED.CHAP. 22.—THE MODE OF MAKING PAPER.CHAP. 23. (12)—THE NINE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PAPER.CHAP. 24.—THE MODE OF TESTING THE GOODNESS OF PAPER.CHAP. 25.—THE PECULIAR DEFECTS IN PAPER.CHAP. 26.—THE PASTE USED IN THE PREPARATION OF PAPER.CHAP. 27. (13.)—THE BOOKS OF NUMA.CHAP. 28. (14.)—THE TREES OF ÆTHIOPIA.CHAP. 29. (15.)—THE TREES OF MOUNT ATLAS. THE CITRUS, AND THE TABLES MADE OF THE WOOD THEREOF.CHAP. 30.—THE POINTS THAT ARE DESIRABLE OR OTHERWISE IN THESE TABLES.CHAP. 31.—THE CITRON-TREE.CHAP. 32. (17.)—THE LOTUS.CHAP. 33. (19.)—THE TREES OF CYRENAICA. THE PALIURUS.CHAP. 34.—NINE VARIETIES OF THE PUNIC APPLE. BALAUSTIUM.CHAP. 35. (20.)—THE TREES OF ASIA AND GREECE; THE EPIPACTIS, THE ERICA, THE CNIDIAN GRAIN OR THYMELÆA, PYROSACHNE, CNESTRON, OR CNEORON.CHAP. 36.—THE TRAGION: TRAGACANTHE.CHAP. 37.—THE TRAGOS OR SCORPIO; THE MYRICA OR BRYA; THE OSTRYS.CHAP. 38. (22.)—THE EUONYMOS.CHAP. 39.—THE TREE CALLED EON.CHAP. 40.—THE ANDRACHLE.977 CHAP. 41.—THE COCCYGIA; THE APHARCE.CHAP. 42.—THE FERULA.CHAP. 43.—THE THAPSIA.CHAP. 44. (23.)—THE CAPPARIS OR CYNOSBATON, OTHERWISE OPHIOSTAPHYLE.CHAP. 45.—THE SARIPHA.CHAP. 46. (24.)—THE ROYAL THORN.CHAP. 47.—THE CYTISUS.CHAP. 48. (25.)—THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN. THE PHYCOS, PRASON, OR ZOSTER.CHAP. 49.—THE SEA BRYON.CHAP. 50.—PLANTS OF THE RED SEA.CHAP. 51.—PLANTS OF THE INDIAN SEA.CHAP. 52.—THE PLANTS OF THE TROGLODYTIC SEA; THE HAIR OF ISIS: THE CHARITO-BLEPHARON.CHAPS. 1 & 2. (1.)—THE NATURE OF THE VINE. ITS MODE OF FRUCTIFICATION.CHAP. 3.—THE NATURE OF THE GRAPE, AND THE CULTIVATION OF THE VINE.CHAP. 4. (2.)—NINETY-ONE VARIETIES OF THE VINE.CHAP. 5. (4.)—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE CULTURE OF THE VINE.CHAP. 6.—THE MOST ANCIENT WINES.CHAP. 7. (5.)—THE NATURE OF WINES.CHAP. 8. (6.)—FIFTY KINDS OF GENEROUS WINES.CHAP. 9. (7.)—THIRTY-EIGHT VARIETIES OF FOREIGN WINES.CHAP. 10. (8.)—SEVEN KINDS OF SALTED WINES.CHAP. 11. (9.)—EIGHTEEN VARIETIES OF SWEET WINE. RAISIN-WINE AND HEPSEMA.CHAP. 12. (10.)—THREE VARIETIES OF SECOND-RATE WINE.CHAP. 13. (11.)—AT WHAT PERIOD GENEROUS WINES WERE FIRST COMMONLY MADE IN ITALY.CHAP. 14. (12.)—THE INSPECTION OF WINE ORDERED BY KING ROMULUS.CHAP. 15.—WINES DRUNK BY THE ANCIENT ROMANS.CHAP. 16. (14.)—SOME REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH WINE-LOFTS. THE OPIMIAN WINE.CHAP. 17.—AT WHAT PERIOD FOUR KINDS OF WINE WERE FIRST SERVED AT TABLE.CHAP. 18. (16.)—THE USES OF THE WILD VINE. WHAT JUICES ARE NATURALLY THE COLDEST OF ALL.CHAP. 19.—SIXTY-SIX VARIETIES OF ARTIFICIAL WINE.CHAP. 20. (17.)—HYDROMELI, OR MELICRATON.CHAP. 21.—OXYMELI.CHAP. 22. (18.)—TWELVE KINDS OF WINE WITH MIRACULOUS PROPERTIES.CHAP. 23. (19.)—WHAT WINES IT IS NOT LAWFUL TO USE IN THE SACRED RITES.CHAP. 24.—HOW MUST IS USUALLY PREPARED.CHAP. 25. (20.)—PITCH AND RESIN.CHAP. 26.—VINEGAR—LEES OF WINE.CHAP. 27. (21.)—WINE-VESSELS—WINE-CELLARS.CHAP. 28. (22.)—DRUNKENNESS.CHAP. 29.—LIQUORS WITH THE STRENGTH OF WINE MADE FROM WATER AND CORN.CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE OLIVE.—HOW LONG IT EXISTED ONLY IN GREECE. AT WHAT PERIOD IT WAS FIRST INTRODUCED INTO ITALY, SPAIN, AND AFRICA.CHAP. 2.—THE NATURE OF THE OLIVE, AND OF NEW OLIVE OIL.CHAP. 3. (2.)—OLIVE OIL: THE COUNTRIES IN WHICH IT IS PRODUCED, AND ITS VARIOUS QUALITIES.CHAP. 4.—FIFTEEN VARIETIES OF OLIVES.CHAP. 5. (4.)—THE NATURE OF OLIVE OIL.CHAP. 6. (5.)—THE CULTURE OF THE OLIVE: ITS MODE OF PRESERVATION. THE METHOD OF MAKING OLIVE OIL.CHAP. 7. (7.)—FORTY-EIGHT VARIETIES OF ARTIFICIAL OILS. THE CICUS-TREE OR CROTON, OR SILI, OR SESAMUM.CHAP. 8. (8.)—AMURCA.CHAP. 9. (9.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF FRUIT-TREES AND THEIR NATURES. FOUR VARIETIES OF PINE-NUTS.CHAP. 10. (11.)—THE QUINCE. FOUR KINDS OF CYDONIA, AND FOUR VARIETIES OF THE STRUTHEA.CHAP. 11.—SIX VARIETIES OF THE PEACH.CHAP. 12. (13).—TWELVE KINDS OF PLUMS.CHAP. 13.—THE PEACH.CHAP. 14. (14.)—THIRTY DIFFERENT KINDS OF POMES. AT WHAT PERIOD FOREIGN FRUITS WERE FIRST INTRODUCED INTO ITALY, AND WHENCE.CHAP. 15.—THE FRUITS THAT HAVE BEEN MOST RECENTLY INTRODUCED.CHAP. 16. (15.)—FORTY-ONE VARIETIES OF THE PEAR.CHAP. 17.—VARIOUS METHODS OF GRAFTING TREES. EXPIATIONS FOR LIGHTNING.CHAP. 18. (16.)—THE MODE OF KEEPING VARIOUS FRUITS AND GRAPES.CHAP. 19. (18.)—TWENTY-NINE VARIETIES OF THE FIG.CHAP. 20.—HISTORICAL ANECDOTES CONNECTED WITH THE FIG.CHAP. 21.—CAPRIFICATION.CHAP. 22. (20.)—THREE VARIETIES OF THE MEDLAR.CHAP. 23. (21).—FOUR VARIETIES OF THE SORB.CHAP. 24. (22.)—NINE VARIETIES OF THE NUT.CHAP. 25. (23.)—EIGHTEEN VARIETIES OF THE CHESNUT.CHAP. 26. (24.)—THE CAROB.CHAP. 27.—THE FLESHY FRUITS. THE MULBERRY.CHAP. 28.—THE FRUIT OF THE ARBUTUS.CHAP. 29.—THE RELATIVE NATURES OF BERRY FRUITS.CHAP. 30. (25.)—NINE VARIETIES OF THE CHERRY.CHAP. 31. (26.)—THE CORNEL. THE LENTISK.CHAP. 32. (27.)—THIRTEEN DIFFERENT FLAVOURS OF JUICES.CHAP. 33. (28.)—THE COLOUR AND SMELL OF JUICES.CHAP. 34.—THE VARIOUS NATURES OF FRUIT.CHAP. 35. (29).—THE MYRTLE.CHAP. 36.—HISTORICAL ANECDOTES RELATIVE TO THE MYRTLE.CHAP. 37.—ELEVEN VARIETIES OF THE MYRTLE.CHAP. 38.—THE MYRTLE USED AT ROME IN OVATIONS.CHAP. 39. (30.)—THE LAUREL; THIRTEEN VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 40.—HISTORICAL ANECDOTES CONNECTED WITH THE LAUREL.CHAP. 1.—COUNTRIES THAT HAVE NO TREES.CHAP. 2.—WONDERS CONNECTED WITH TREES IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS.CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE ACORN OAK. THE CIVIC CROWN.CHAP. 4.—THE ORIGIN OF THE PRESENTATION OF CROWNS.CHAP. 5.—PERSONS PRESENTED WITH A CROWN OF LEAVES.CHAP. 6. (5.)—THIRTEEN VARIETIES OF THE ACORN.CHAP. 7. (6.)—THE BEECH.CHAP. 8.—THE OTHER ACORNS—WOOD FOR FUEL.CHAP. 9.—THE GALL-NUT.CHAP. 10.—OTHER PRODUCTIONS ON THESE TREES BESIDES THE ACORN.CHAP. 11. (8.)—CACHRYS.CHAP. 12.—THE KERMES BERRY.CHAP. 13.—AGARIC.CHAP. 14. (9.)—TREES OF WHICH THE BARK IS USED.CHAP. 15. (10.)—SHINGLES.CHAP. 16.—THE PINE.CHAP. 17.—THE PINASTER.CHAP. 18.—THE PITCH-TREE: THE FIR.CHAP. 19.—THE LARCH: THE TORCH-TREE.CHAP. 20.—THE YEW.CHAP. 21. (11.)—METHODS OF MAKING TAR—HOW CEDRIUM IS MADE.CHAP. 22.—METHODS BY WHICH THICK PITCH IS PREPARED.CHAP. 23. (12.)—HOW THE RESIN CALLED ZOPISSA IS PREPARED.CHAP. 24. (13.)—TREES THE WOOD OF WHICH IS HIGHLY VALUED. FOUR VARIETIES OF THE ASH.CHAP. 25. (14.)—TWO VARIETIES OF THE LINDEN-TREE.CHAP. 26. (15.)—TEN VARIETIES OF THE MAPLE.CHAP. 27. (16.)—BRUSCUM: MOLLUSCUM; THE STAPHYLODENDRON.CHAP. 28.—THREE VARIETIES OF THE BOX-TREE.CHAP. 29. (17.)—FOUR VARIETIES OF THE ELM.CHAP. 30. (18.)—THE NATURES OF THE VARIOUS TREES ACCORDING TO THEIR LOCALITIES: THE MOUNTAIN TREES, AND THE TREES OF THE PLAIN.CHAP. 31.—TREES WHICH GROW ON A DRY SOIL: THOSE WHICH ARE FOUND IN WET LOCALITIES: THOSE WHICH ARE FOUND IN BOTH INDIFFERENTLY.CHAP. 32. (19.)—DIVISION OF TREES INTO VARIOUS SPECIES.CHAP. 33. (20.)—TREES WHICH DO NOT LOSE THEIR FOLIAGE. THE RHODODENDRON. TREES WHICH DO NOT LOSE THE WHOLE OF THEIR FOLIAGE. PLACES IN WHICH THERE ARE NO TREES.CHAP. 34. (22.)—THE NATURE OF THE LEAVES WHICH WITHER AND FALL.CHAP. 35.—TREES WHICH HAVE LEAVES OF VARIOUS COLOURS; TREES WITH LEAVES OF VARIOUS SHAPES. THREE VARIETIES OF THE POPLAR.CHAP. 36.—LEAVES WHICH TURN ROUND EVERY YEAR.CHAP. 37.—THE CARE BESTOWED ON THE LEAVES OF THE PALM, AND THE USES TO WHICH THEY ARE APPLIED.CHAP. 38.—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH LEAVES.CHAP. 39. (25.)—THE NATURAL ORDER OF THE PRODUCTION OF PLANTS.CHAP. 40.—TREES WHICH NEVER BLOSSOM. THE JUNIPER.CHAP. 41.—THE FECUNDATION OF TREES. GERMINATION: THE APPEARANCE OF THE FRUIT.CHAP. 42.—IN WHAT ORDER THE TREES BLOSSOM.CHAP. 43. (26.)—AT WHAT PERIOD EACH TREE BEARS FRUIT. THE CORNEL.CHAP. 44.—TREES WHICH BEAR THE WHOLE YEAR. TREES WHICH HAVE ON THEM THE FRUIT OF THREE YEARS.CHAP. 45.—TREES WHICH BEAR NO FRUIT: TREES LOOKED UPON AS ILL-OMENED.CHAP. 46.—TREES WHICH LOSE THEIR FRUIT OR FLOWERS MOST READILY.CHAP. 47.—TREES WHICH ARE UNPRODUCTIVE IN CERTAIN PLACES.CHAP. 48.—THE MODE IN WHICH TREES BEAR.CHAP. 49.—TREES IN WHICH THE FRUIT APPEARS BEFORE THE LEAVES.CHAP. 50. (27.)—TREES THAT BEAR TWO CROPS IN A YEAR. TREES THAT BEAR THREE CROPS.CHAP. 51.—WHICH TREES BECOME OLD WITH THE GREATEST RAPIDITY, AND WHICH MOST SLOWLY.CHAP. 52.—TREES WHICH BEAR VARIOUS PRODUCTS. CRATÆGUM.CHAP. 53.—DIFFERENCES IN TREES IN RESPECT OF THE TRUNKS AND BRANCHES.CHAP. 54.—THE BRANCHES OF TREES.CHAP. 55. (31.)—THE BARK OF TREES.CHAP. 56.—THE ROOTS OF TREES.CHAP. 57.—TREES WHICH HAVE GROWN SPONTANEOUSLY FROM THE GROUND.CHAP. 58.—HOW TREES GROW SPONTANEOUSLY—DIVERSITIES IN THEIR NATURE, THE SAME TREES NOT GROWING EVERYWHERE.CHAP. 59.—PLANTS THAT WILL NOT GROW IN CERTAIN PLACES.CHAP. 60. (33.)—THE CYPRESS.CHAP. 61.—THAT THE EARTH OFTEN BEARS PRODUCTIONS WHICH IT HAS NEVER BORNE BEFORE.CHAP. 62. (34.)—THE IVY.—TWENTY VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 63. (35.)—THE SMILAX.CHAP. 64. (36.)—WATER PLANTS: THE RUSH: TWENTY-EIGHT VARIETIES OF THE REED.CHAP. 65.—REEDS USED FOR ARROWS, AND FOR THE PURPOSE OF WRITING.CHAP. 66.—FLUTE REEDS: THE REED OF ORCHOMENUS; REEDS USED FOR FOWLING AND FISHING.CHAP. 67.—THE VINE-DRESSERS’ REED.CHAP. 68.—- THE WILLOW: EIGHT VARIETIES OF IT.CHAP. 69.—TREES IN ADDITION TO THE WILLOW, WHICH ARE OF USE IN MAKING WITHES.CHAP. 70.—RUSHES: CANDLE-RUSHES: RUSHES FOR THATCHING.CHAP. 71.—THE ELDER: THE BRAMBLE.CHAP. 72. (38.)—THE JUICES OF TREES.CHAP. 73.—THE VEINS AND FIBRES OF TREES.CHAP. 74.—THE FELLING OF TREES.CHAP. 75.—THE OPINION OF CATO ON THE FELLING OF TIMBER.CHAP. 76.—THE SIZE OF TREES: THE NATURE OF WOOD: THE SAPPINUS.CHAP. 77.—METHODS OF OBTAINING FIRE FROM WOOD.CHAP. 78.—TREES WHICH ARE PROOF AGAINST DECAY: TREES WHICH NEVER SPLIT.CHAP. 79.—HISTORICAL FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE DURABILITY OF WOOD.CHAP. 80. (41.)—VARIETIES OF THE TEREDO.CHAP. 81. (42.)—THE WOODS USED IN BUILDING.CHAP. 82.—CARPENTERS’ WOODS.CHAP. 83. (43.)—WOODS UNITED WITH GLUE.CHAP. 84.—VENEERING.CHAP. 85. (44.)—THE AGE OF TREES. A TREE THAT WAS PLANTED BY THE FIRST SCIPIO AFRICANUS. A TREE AT ROME FIVE HUNDRED YEARS OLD.CHAP. 86.—TREES AS OLD AS THE CITY.CHAP. 87.—TREES IN THE SUBURBAN DISTRICTS OLDER THAN THE CITY.CHAP. 88.—TREES PLANTED BY AGAMEMNON THE FIRST YEAR OF THE TROJAN WAR: OTHER TREES WHICH DATE FROM THE TIME THAT THE PLACE WAS CALLED ILIUM, ANTERIOR TO THE TROJAN WAR.CHAP. 89.—TREES PLANTED AT ARGOS BY HERCULES: OTHERS PLANTED BY APOLLO. A TREE MORE ANCIENT THAN ATHENS ITSELF.CHAP. 90.—TREES WHICH ARE THE MOST SHORT-LIVED.CHAP. 91.—TREES THAT HAVE BEEN RENDERED FAMOUS BY REMARKABLE EVENTS.CHAP. 92.—PLANTS THAT HAVE NO PECULIAR SPOT FOR THEIR GROWTH: OTHERS THAT GROW UPON TREES, AND WILL NOT GROW IN THE GROUND. NINE VARIETIES OF THEM: CADYTAS, POLYPODION, PHAULIAS, HIPPOPHÆSTON.CHAP. 93.—THREE VARIETIES OF MISTLETOE. THE NATURE OF MISTLETOE AND SIMILAR PLANTS.CHAP. 94.—THE METHOD OF MAKING BIRDLIME.CHAP. 95.—HISTORICAL FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE MISTLETOE.CHAP. 1. (1.)—TREES WHICH HAVE BEEN SOLD AT ENORMOUS PRICES.CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER UPON THE TREES: WHAT IS THE PROPER SITUATION FOR THE VINE.CHAP. 3.—WHAT SOILS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED THE BEST.CHAP. 4. (6.)—THE EIGHT KINDS OF EARTH BOASTED OF BY THE GAULS AND GREEKS.CHAP. 5. (9.)—THE EMPLOYMENT OF ASHES.CHAP. 6.—MANURE.CHAP. 7.—CROPS WHICH TEND TO IMPROVE THE LAND: CROPS WHICH EXHAUST IT.CHAP. 8.—THE PROPER MODE OF USING MANURE.CHAP. 9. (10.)—THE MODES IN WHICH TREES BEAR.CHAP. 10.—PLANTS WHICH ARE PROPAGATED BY SEED.CHAP. 11.—TREES WHICH NEVER DEGENERATE.CHAP. 12.—PROPAGATION BY SUCKERS.CHAP. 13.—PROPAGATION BY SLIPS AND CUTTINGS.CHAP. 14.—SEED-PLOTS.CHAP. 15.—THE MODE OF PROPAGATING THE ELM.CHAP. 16.—THE HOLES FOR TRANSPLANTING.CHAP. 17. (12.)—THE INTERVALS TO BE LEFT BETWEEN TREES.CHAP. 18.—THE NATURE OF THE SHADOW THROWN BY TREES.CHAP. 19.—THE DROPPINGS OF WATER FROM THE LEAVES.CHAP. 20. (13.)—TREES WHICH GROW BUT SLOWLY: THOSE WHICH GROW WITH RAPIDITY.CHAP. 21.—TREES PROPAGATED FROM LAYERS.CHAP. 22. (14.)—GRAFTING: THE FIRST DISCOVERY OF IT.CHAP. 23.—INOCULATION OR BUDDING.CHAP. 24.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF GRAFTING.CHAP. 25.—GRAFTING THE VINE.CHAP. 26. (16)—GRAFTING BY SCUTCHEONS.3029 CHAP. 27.—PLANTS WHICH GROW FROM A BRANCH.CHAP. 28.—TREES WHICH GROW FROM CUTTINGS; THE MODE OF PLANTING THEM.CHAP. 29. (18.)—THE CULTIVATION OF THE OLIVE.CHAP. 30.—TRANSPLANTING OPERATIONS AS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE VARIOUS SEASONS OF THE YEAR.CHAP. 31.—CLEANING AND BARING THE ROOTS, AND MOULDING THEM.CHAP. 32. (20.)—WILLOW-BEDS.CHAP. 33.—REED-BEDS.CHAP. 34.—OTHER PLANTS THAT ARE CUT FOR POLES AND STAKES.CHAP. 35. (21.)—THE CULTURE OF THE VINE AND THE VARIOUS SHRUBS WHICH SUPPORT IT.CHAP. 36.—HOW GRAPES ARE PROTECTED FROM THE RAVAGES OF INSECTS.CHAP. 37.—THE DISEASES OF TREES.CHAP. 38. (25.)—PRODIGIES CONNECTED WITH TREES.CHAP. 39. (26.)—TREATMENT OF THE DISEASES OF TREES.CHAP. 40.—METHODS OF IRRIGATION.CHAP. 41.—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH IRRIGATION.CHAP. 42. (27.)—INCISIONS MADE IN TREES.CHAP. 43.—OTHER REMEDIES FOR THE DISEASES OF TREES.CHAP. 44.—CAPRIFICATION, AND PARTICULARS CONNECTED WITH THE FIG.CHAP. 45.—ERRORS THAT MAY BE COMMITTED IN PRUNING.CHAP. 46.—THE PROPER MODE OF MANURING TREES.CHAP. 47.—MEDICAMENTS FOR TREES.FOOTNOTES:Chapter 450 Chapter 451 Chapter 452 Chapter 453 Chapter 454 Chapter 455 Chapter 456 Chapter 457 Chapter 458 Chapter 459 Chapter 460 Chapter 461 Chapter 462 Chapter 463 Chapter 464 Chapter 465 Chapter 466 Chapter 467 Chapter 468 Chapter 469 Chapter 470 Chapter 471 Chapter 472 THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE